Kidney stones form when concentrated urine allows minerals to crystallize and harden in the kidney. Pain begins when a stone enters the narrow ureter, scraping its lining as muscles squeeze it downward, causing pressure buildup and spasms.
The most effective way to avoid kidney stones is to stay well hydrated so your urine stays clear or very light yellow, because stones usually form when urine becomes too concentrated and minerals like calcium and oxalate start sticking together. Try to keep your salt intake moderate since too much salt pushes more calcium into the urine, and do not cut normal dietary calcium unless advised, because calcium from food actually helps bind oxalate in the gut and lowers stone risk. Simple habits like drinking enough water throughout the day and avoiding long periods of dehydration make a big difference.